Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων του "Infobox"

Τελευταία αναθεώρηση της 02:44, 4 Ιουνίου 2015

An infobox is a template used to collect and present a subset of information about its subject, such as a document. It is a structured document containing a set of attribute–value pairs,^[1] and in Wikipedia represents a summary of information about the subject of an article.^[2] In this way, they are comparable to data tables in some aspects. When presented within the larger document it summarizes, an infobox is often presented in a sidebar format.

An infobox may be implemented in another document by transcluding it into that document and specifying some or all of the attribute–value pairs associated with that infobox, known as parameterization.

Wikipedia

An infobox may be used to improve the appearance of an article on Wikipedia;^[3] They are used on similar articles to ensure consistency of presentation by using a common format.^[4][2] Originally, infoboxes (and templates in general) were used for page layout purposes.^[2] An infobox may be transcluded into an article by specifying the value for some or all of its parameters.^[5] The parameter name used must be the same as that specified in the infobox template, but any value may be associated to it.^[5] The name is delimited from the value by an equals sign.^[5] The parameter name may be regarded as an attribute of the article's subject.^[6]

{{Infobox prepared food
| name             = 
| image            =
| imagesize        =
| caption          =
| alternate_name   =
| country          =
| region           =
| creator          =
| course           =
| type             =
| served           =
| main_ingredient  =
| variations       =
| calories         =
| other            =
}}

{{Infobox prepared food
| name             = Crostata
| image            = [[File:Crostata di mele e mandorle di Adriano a profilo.jpg|300px]]
| imagesize        =
| caption          = Apple crostata with slivered almonds
| alternate_name   =
| country          = [[Italy]]
| region           =
| creator          =
| course           = [[Dessert]]
| type             = [[Tart]]
| served           =
| main_ingredient  = Pastry crust, [[jam]] or [[ricotta]], fruit
| variations       = ''Crostata di frutta'', ''crostata di ricotta'', many other sweet or savoury variations
| calories         =
| other            =
}}

On Wikipedia, an infobox is transcluded into an article by enclosing its name and attribute–value pairs within a double set of braces. The MediaWiki software on which Wikipedia operates then parses the document, for which the infobox and other templates are processed by a template processor. This is a template engine which produces a web document and a style sheet used for presentation of the document. This enables the design of the infobox to be separated from the content it manipulates;^[2] that is, the design of the template may be updated without affecting the information within it, and the new design will automatically propagate to all articles that transclude the infobox.^[4] Usually, infoboxes are formatted to appear in the top-right corner of a Wikipedia article in the desktop view,^[3] or at the top in the mobile view.

Placement of an infobox within the wiki text of an article is important for accessibility.^[7] A best practice is to place them following disambiguation templates (those that direct readers to articles about topics with similar names) and maintenance templates (such as that marking an article as unreferenced), but before all other content.^[8][9]

Baeza-Yates and King say that some editors find templates such as infoboxes complicated,^[10] as the template may hide text about a property or resource that the editor wishes to change; this is exacerbated by chained templates, that is templates transcluded within other templates.^[10]

As of August 2009, English Wikipedia used about 3.000 infobox templates that collectively used more than 20.000 attributes.^[11] Since then, many have been merged, to reduce redundancy. As of June 2013, there were at least 1.345.446 transclusions of the parent Infobox template,^[12] used by some, but not all, infoboxes, on 4.251.127 articles.

The name of an Infobox is typically "Infobox [genre]", however the more widely used infoboxes often have shorter names given to them, like taxobox for taxonomy,^[8] warbox for military conflicts, and geobox for geography.

Machine learning

About 44.2% of Wikipedia articles contained an infobox in 2008,^[13] and about 33% in 2010.^[11] Automated semantic knowledge extraction using machine learning algorithms is used to "extract machine-processable information at a relatively low complexity cost".^[1] However, the low coverage makes it more difficult, though this can be partially overcome by complementing article data with that in categories in which the article is included.^[13] The French Wikipedia initiated the project Infobox Version 2 in May 2011.^[14][15]

Knowledge obtained by machine learning can be used to improve an article, such as by using automated software suggestions to editors for adding infobox data.^[13] The iPopulator project created a system to add a value to an article's infobox parameter via an automated parsing of the text of that article.^[11]

DBpedia uses structured content extracted from infoboxes^[2] by machine learning algorithms to create a resource of linked data in a Semantic Web; it has been described by Tim Berners-Lee as "one of the more famous" components of the linked data project.^[16]

Machine extraction creates a triple consisting of a subject, predicate or relation, and object.^[1] Each attribute-value pair of the infobox is used to create an RDF statement using an ontology.^[17] This is facilated by the narrower gap between Wikipedia and an ontology than exists between unstructured or free text and an ontology. ^[18]

The semantic relationship between the subject and object is established by the predicate.^[1] In the example infobox, the triple ("crostata", type, "tart") indicates that a crostata is a type of tart. The article's topic is used as the subject, the parameter name is used as the predicate, and the parameter's value as the object.^[17][1] Each type of infobox is mapped to an ontology class, and each property (parameter) within an infobox is mapped to an ontology property.^[19] These mappings are used when parsing a Wikipedia article to extract data.

Many Wikipedia infoboxes also include microformat markup, making the text rendered on the page readable by software.^[20][21]

Notes

References

Further reading

• Kiran, Kumar N.; Santosh, G.S.K.; Varma, Vasudeva (June 2011). "Multilingual document clustering using Wikipedia as external knowledge". Multidisciplinary Information Retrieval (Springer Berlin Heidelberg) 6653. ISBN 9783642213533. ISSN 0302-9743. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21353-3. 
• Chutiporn, Anutariya; Domingue, John, eds. (2008). The Semantic Web: 3rd Asian Semantic Web Conference, ASWC 2008, Bangkok, Thailand, December 8-11, 2008. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5367 (Springer). ISBN 9783540897033. ISSN 0302-9743. 
• Wu, Fei; Hoffmann, Ralph; Weld, Daniel s. "Information extraction from Wikipedia: moving down the long tail". Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining (Association for Computing Machinery): 731–739. ISBN 9781605581934. doi:10.1145/1401890.1401978.